Oct 25, 2025

Why We Always Evolve Eyes

Professor Chris Kempes of the Santa Fe Institute proposes a universal theory of life that transcends Earth-based biochemistry. He introduces a three-level framework (Materials, Constraints, Principles) to explain how abstract rules like evolution could define life on any substrate, including culture, language, or artificial intelligence, leading to the concept of convergent evolution where similar solutions, like the eye, emerge independently across different physical forms.

Oct 10, 2025

Nick Lane – Life as we know it is chemically inevitable

Evolutionary biochemist Nick Lane presents a theory that the origin of life was a chemically inevitable continuation of the geochemistry in deep-sea hydrothermal vents. This framework explains why all life uses proton gradients for energy, the Krebs Cycle, and why simple bacteria dominated for billions of years. The true bottleneck for intelligent life, he argues, is the singular, chance event of endosymbiosis that created the complex eukaryotic cell, a prerequisite for large genomes, multicellularity, and even the evolution of two sexes.