An expert overview of post-training techniques for language models, covering the entire workflow from data generation and curation to advanced algorithms like Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT), Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), and Reinforcement Learning (RL), along with practical advice on evaluation and iteration.
This talk introduces Anaximander, a system designed to bridge the gap between traditional, GUI-driven Geographic Information System (GIS) workflows and modern, code-heavy machine learning practices. Anaximander integrates geospatial foundation models directly into QGIS, allowing experts to interactively orchestrate, run, and evaluate models for tasks like semantic segmentation and object detection on satellite imagery.
At Applied Compute, efficient Reinforcement Learning is critical for delivering business value. This talk explores the transition from inefficient synchronous RL to a high-throughput asynchronous 'Pipeline RL' system. The core challenge is managing 'staleness'—a side effect of in-flight weight updates that can destabilize training. The speakers detail their first-principles systems model, based on the Roofline model, used to simulate and find the optimal allocation of GPU resources between sampling and training, balancing throughput with algorithmic stability and achieving significant speedups.
Thomas Wolf, co-founder of Hugging Face, discusses his journey from physics to AI, the power of open-source models to accelerate innovation, the practical challenges of productionalizing AI demos, and why the biggest opportunities for founders now lie in the application layer on top of powerful foundation models.
Daren Fields, Co-Founder & CEO of Virtual Select, discusses the future of manufacturing, emphasizing the role of AI as a tool for human augmentation, not replacement. He explores how to modernize manufacturing by combining a carbon-based workforce with silicon-based systems to prevent defects, reduce costs, and de-risk execution.
The panel discusses Anthropic's Claude Cowork and the challenge of user trust in AI agents for everyday tasks. They then analyze the Apple-Google partnership to integrate Gemini into Siri, debating its implications for edge AI, privacy, and hardware limitations. Finally, they explore Linus Torvalds' use of AI for "vibe coding," considering its impact on hobbyist programming and entrepreneurship versus the current limitations in producing production-ready software.
Nikesh Arora, CEO of Palo Alto Networks, shares his unconventional journey and leadership philosophy. He provides a masterclass in building a multi-platform company through strategic M&A, explains why founders should sometimes ignore customers, and reveals how to lead with conviction while managing imposter syndrome.
Stewart Butterfield, co-founder of Slack and Flickr, shares the product frameworks and leadership principles that guided his success. He delves into concepts like "utility curves" for feature investment, the "owner's delusion" in product design, and why focusing on "comprehension" is often more important than reducing friction. He also introduces powerful mental models for organizational effectiveness, such as combating "hyper-realistic work-like activities" and applying Parkinson's Law to team growth.
Intuit CEO Sasan Goodarzi discusses the operational playbook for reinventing a 40-year-old company, from its slow transition to SaaS to its early adoption of AI. He shares insights on winning the SMB market by treating small businesses like consumers, building effective channel partnerships, and developing a platform strategy. Goodarzi also details his leadership philosophy, emphasizing that grit and curiosity are more critical than raw talent.
Martin Keen explores how agentic AI can significantly reduce IT downtime and Mean Time To Repair (MTTR) by moving beyond naive data dumps and embracing context-aware analysis. The key lies in using topology-aware correlation to curate relevant data for an AI agent, which can then systematically identify the root cause, provide explainable insights, and generate actionable remediation steps, ultimately augmenting human SREs rather than replacing them.
Ben Kus, CTO of Box, outlines the technical evolution of their AI platform, detailing the transition from a promising but fragile LLM-based metadata extraction system to a robust, scalable agentic architecture. He explains why this shift was necessary to handle enterprise-level complexity and the key lessons learned.
Garrett Lord, CEO of Handshake, details the company's extraordinary pivot from a college career network to a dominant AI data provider. He explains how they leveraged their proprietary network of 500,000 PhDs and 3 million advanced degree holders to build a business on track to surpass $100 million ARR in its first year by providing high-quality, expert-generated data for training frontier AI models.
Building successful AI applications requires a sophisticated engineering approach that goes beyond prompt engineering. This involves creating intentionally engineered evaluations (evals) that reflect user feedback, focusing on "context engineering" to optimize tool definitions and outputs, and maintaining a flexible, model-agnostic architecture to adapt to the rapidly evolving AI landscape.
KREA.ai's cofounder Diego Rodriguez discusses the critical failure of current AI evaluation metrics in understanding human perception and aesthetics, advocating for a new paradigm of personalized, perceptually-aware evals.
Ben Horowitz, cofounder of a16z, discusses the firm's unique product-first philosophy, the evolution of its organizational structure to specialize in areas like AI and crypto, and the critical challenges posed by the current anti-innovation regulatory environment.
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